Which deformation method causes bending or curving due to forces applied at the ends?

Which deformation method causes bending or curving due to forces applied at the ends?

• A. Tension
• B. Torsion
• C. Compression
• D. Bending

Answer: (D)

Bending happens when a moment is applied to a beam about its long axis, causing it to curve. Forces at the ends that are offset from each other create this bending moment (a couple), so the object curves with one side in compression and the opposite side in tension while the middle stays relatively neutral. This is different from axial tension (pulling along the length) or axial compression (pushing along the length), which stretch or shorten without curving, and from torsion, which twists around the axis. So bending is the deformation produced by end forces that generate a bending moment and curvature.

Bending happens when a moment is applied to a beam about its long axis, causing it to curve. Forces at the ends that are offset from each other create this bending moment (a couple), so the object curves with one side in compression and the opposite side in tension while the middle stays relatively neutral. This is different from axial tension (pulling along the length) or axial compression (pushing along the length), which stretch or shorten without curving, and from torsion, which twists around the axis. So bending is the deformation produced by end forces that generate a bending moment and curvature.